Chicago Style Guide

General Format (Book):

Author's first name last name, Title of Book (Publication City: Publisher, date), pp. URL.

Example: One of the disagreements among the participants at the Peace Conference was the amount of reparations to impose on Germany. Eventually, Allied leaders settled on 132 billion gold marks.¹

Note:

     1. Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919 (New York: Random House, 2003), 192.

General Format (Journal Article):

Author's first name last name, "Title of Journal Article," Title of Publication volume, issue (Date): pp. DOI/URL. 

Example: "Regarded as a bourgeois revolution, the French Revolution is united with the long and often violent and radical struggle against the feudal form of alienation, resulting in stronger states as well as more stable international state system conducive to the development of capitalism."²
Note:

     2. Bertel Nygaard, “The Meanings of ‘Bourgeois Revolution’: Conceptualizing the French Revolution,”        Science & Society 71, no. 2 (2007): 146–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40404407.

General Format (Website):

Author's first name last name, "Title of Webpage," Title of Website, Date modified/created/accessed. URL. 

Example: Before the French Revolution, society was "legally stratified" into 3 orders, or social classes: the clergy, nobility, and common people.³

Note:

     3. Stephen Robertson, “Social Causes of the Revolution,” Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité: Exploring the       

French Revolution, last updated 2019. https://revolution.chnm.org/exhibits/show/liberty--equality--

fraternity/social-causes-of-revolution.

Paraphrasing/ Quotations

Paraphrasing:

According to the CMOS, a paraphrase restates another’s idea in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to keep your voice while summarizing and synthesizing information from one or more sources. Students should paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources.

Text: Webster-Stratton described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy for her child.¹

Note:

     1. Carolyn Webster-Stratton, "The Incredible Years: Use of Play Interventions and Coaching for Children with Externalizing Difficulties" in Empirically Based Play Interventions for Children (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2016), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/14730-008

Quotation: 

According to the CMOS, a direct quotation uses the exact words from another work. You would use a direct quote when the content is particularly compelling, it's important to your thesis, or the phrasing/language is important to the context of your paper. It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style.

Text: Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another.”²

Note:

     2. Ervin, Jennifer N., Jeremy M. Kahn, Taya R. Cohen, and Laurie R. Weingart, "Teamwork in the Intensive Care Unit," American Psychologist 73, no. 4 (May-June 2018): 470. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2018-23205-013

Text: for a long quotation (more than 5 typed lines - block quote) do not use quotation marks:

Opinions of the Big Four leaders at the Treaty of Versailles differed on numerous issues: 

Throughout the Peace Conference, Allied policy toward Russia remained inconsistent and incoherent, not firm enough to overthrow the Bolsheviks but not sufficiently hostile to convince them, with unfortunate consequences, that the Western powers were their implacable enemies. Churchill, who begged repeatedly for a clear policy line from his own government, was bitter in his memoirs about Allied indecision. Churchill, of course, was for intervention. So was Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the senior French soldier and Allied commander.³